abstract：BACKGROUND:Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood and is associated with adverse health and economic consequences for infants and their families. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children have a higher risk of early childhood caries (ECC). OBJECTIVES:To assess the effects of interventions...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Riggs E,Kilpatrick N,Slack-Smith L,Chadwick B,Yelland J,Muthu MS,Gomersall JC

更新日期：2019-11-20 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Wilson's disease, first described by Samuel Wilson in 1912, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from mutations in the ATP7B gene. The disease develops as a consequence of copper accumulating in affected tissues. There is no gold standard for the diagnosis of Wilson's disease, which is ofte...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Ryan A,Nevitt SJ,Tuohy O,Cook P

更新日期：2019-11-19 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Early enteral nutrition support (within 48 hours of admission or injury) is frequently recommended for the management of patients in intensive care units (ICU). Early enteral nutrition is recommended in many clinical practice guidelines, although there appears to be a lack of evidence for its use and benefit...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Fuentes Padilla P,Martínez G,Vernooij RW,Urrútia G,Roqué I Figuls M,Bonfill Cosp X

更新日期：2019-10-31 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Despite substantial improvements in the success of treatments through assisted reproduction technologies (ART), live birth rates remain constantly low, and practitioners are seeking aetiologic treatments to improve the outcomes.Local inflammatory response is believed to contribute to implantation failure, wh...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Nyachieo A,Siristatidis CS,Vaidakis D

更新日期：2019-10-19 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Fluoxetine is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor indicated for major depression. It is also thought to affect weight control: this seems to happen through appetite changes resulting in decreased food intake and normalisation of unusual eating behaviours. However, the benefit-risk ratio of this off-label medicati...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Serralde-Zúñiga AE,Gonzalez Garay AG,Rodríguez-Carmona Y,Melendez G

更新日期：2019-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Epilepsy is a common neurological condition that affects up to 1% of the population. Nearly 30% of people with epilepsy are resistant to currently available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and require treatment with multiple antiepileptic drugs in combination. Tiagabine is one of the newer AEDs that can be used a...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Bresnahan R,Martin-McGill KJ,Hutton JL,Marson AG

更新日期：2019-10-14 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Single-shot spinal anaesthesia (SSS) and combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anaesthesia are both commonly used for caesarean section anaesthesia. Spinals offer technical simplicity and rapid onset of nerve blockade which can be associated with hypotension. CSE anaesthesia allows for more gradual onset and also p...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Simmons SW,Dennis AT,Cyna AM,Richardson MG,Bright MR

更新日期：2019-10-11 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Airway infection leads to progressive damage of the lungs in cystic fibrosis (CF) and oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology. Supplementation of antioxidant micronutrients (vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene and selenium) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a source of glutathione, may therefore pote...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Ciofu O,Smith S,Lykkesfeldt J

更新日期：2019-10-03 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The standard way to stop smoking is to quit abruptly on a designated quit day. A number of smokers have tried unsuccessfully to quit this way. Reducing smoking before quitting could be an alternative approach to cessation. Before this method is adopted it is important to determine whether it is at least as s...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Lindson N,Aveyard P,Hughes JR

更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The standard way most people are advised to stop smoking is by quitting abruptly on a designated quit day. However, many people who smoke have tried to quit many times and may like to try an alternative method. Reducing smoking behaviour before quitting could be an alternative approach to cessation. However,...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Lindson N,Klemperer E,Hong B,Ordóñez-Mena JM,Aveyard P

更新日期：2019-09-30 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Surgery has been used as part of breast cancer treatment for centuries; however any surgical procedure has the potential risk of infection. Infection rates for surgical treatment of breast cancer are documented at between 3% and 15%, higher than average for a clean surgical procedure. Pre- and perioperative ...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Gallagher M,Jones DJ,Bell-Syer SV

更新日期：2019-09-26 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Measurement of cervical length by ultrasound is predictive of preterm birth (PTB). There are three methods of ultrasound cervical assessment: transvaginal (TVU), transabdominal (TAU), and transperineal (TPU, also called translabial). Cervical length measured by TVU is a relatively new screening test, and has...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Berghella V,Saccone G

更新日期：2019-09-25 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Portal hypertension commonly accompanies advanced liver disease and often gives rise to life-threatening complications, including haemorrhage from oesophageal and gastrointestinal varices. Variceal haemorrhage commonly occurs in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein obstruction. Prevention is th...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Gana JC,Cifuentes LI,Gattini D,Villarroel Del Pino LA,Peña A,Torres-Robles R

更新日期：2019-09-24 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Infants born preterm (before 37 weeks' gestation) have poorer outcomes than infants at term, particularly if born before 32 weeks. Early cord clamping has been standard practice over many years, and enables quick transfer of the infant to neonatal care. Delayed clamping allows blood flow between the placenta...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Rabe H,Gyte GM,Díaz-Rossello JL,Duley L

更新日期：2019-09-17 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Surgery is a common treatment modality for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), usually offered to women for whom conservative treatments have failed. Midurethral tapes have superseded colposuspension because cure rates are comparable and recovery time is reduced. However, some women will not be cured after mi...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Bakali E,Johnson E,Buckley BS,Hilton P,Walker B,Tincello DG

更新日期：2019-09-04 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent sustained arrhythmia. Atrial fibrillation often recurs after restoration of normal sinus rhythm. Antiarrhythmic drugs have been widely used to prevent recurrence. This is an update of a review previously published in 2006, 2012 and 2015. OBJECTIVES:To determine the e...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Valembois L,Audureau E,Takeda A,Jarzebowski W,Belmin J,Lafuente-Lafuente C

更新日期：2019-09-04 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Using hypofractionation (fewer, larger doses of daily radiation) to treat localized prostate cancer may improve convenience and resource use. For hypofractionation to be feasible, it must be at least as effective for cancer-related outcomes and have comparable toxicity and quality of life outcomes as convent...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Hickey BE,James ML,Daly T,Soh FY,Jeffery M

更新日期：2019-09-03 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Chronic inflammatory joint diseases (IJDs) affect 1% to 2% of the population in developed countries. IJDs include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and other forms of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Tobacco smoking is considered a significant environmental risk facto...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Roelsgaard IK,Esbensen BA,Østergaard M,Rollefstad S,Semb AG,Christensen R,Thomsen T

更新日期：2019-09-02 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease that is spread via respiratory droplets from infected individuals to susceptible contacts. To eliminate this disease from low- and medium-incidence settings, people who are most likely to be infected (contacts) must be identified. Recently, study authors have e...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Braganza Menezes D,Menezes B,Dedicoat M

更新日期：2019-08-28 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Parents and carers have a major influence on children's learning and development from birth, through the school years, and into adulthood. Parental contributions to education include providing a secure environment in which to learn, providing intellectual stimulation, transmitting social norms and values, sh...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Valentine JC,Leach SM,Fowler AP,Stojda DK,Macdonald G

更新日期：2019-07-31 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Ovulatory disturbance is a key diagnostic feature of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), leading to infertility and correspondingly heavy disease burden. Many therapeutic strategies have been used to induce ovulation for women with PCOS who are infertile. Ultrasound-guided transvaginal ovarian needle drillin...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Zhang J,Tang L,Kong L,Wu T,Xu L,Pan X,Liu GJ

更新日期：2019-07-31 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) including in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), combine gametes to enhance the probability of fertilisation and pregnancy. Advanced sperm selection techniques are increasingly employed in ART, most commonly in cycles utilising ICSI....

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Lepine S,McDowell S,Searle LM,Kroon B,Glujovsky D,Yazdani A

更新日期：2019-07-30 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Mobilization of community first responders (CFRs) to the scene of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) event has been proposed as a means of shortening the interval from occurrence of cardiac arrest to performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation, thereby increasing patient survi...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Barry T,Doheny MC,Masterson S,Conroy N,Klimas J,Segurado R,Codd M,Bury G

更新日期：2019-07-19 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Routine monitoring of gastric residuals in preterm infants on gavage feeds is a common practice in many neonatal intensive care units and is used to guide the initiation and advancement of feeds. No guidelines or consensus is available on whether to re-feed or discard the aspirated gastric residuals. Althoug...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Abiramalatha T,Thanigainathan S,Balakrishnan U

更新日期：2019-07-08 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer, with the potential to metastasise to other parts of the body via the lymphatic system and the bloodstream. Melanoma accounts for a small percentage of skin cancer cases but is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Various imaging test...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Dinnes J,Ferrante di Ruffano L,Takwoingi Y,Cheung ST,Nathan P,Matin RN,Chuchu N,Chan SA,Durack A,Bayliss SE,Gulati A,Patel L,Davenport C,Godfrey K,Subesinghe M,Traill Z,Deeks JJ,Williams HC,Cochrane Skin Cancer Diagno

更新日期：2019-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Currently, with stroke burden increasing, there is a need to explore therapeutic options that ameliorate the acute insult. There is substantial evidence of a neuroprotective effect of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in experimental stroke, leading to a better functional outcome. OBJEC...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Alvarez Campano CG,Macleod MJ,Aucott L,Thies F

更新日期：2019-06-26 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Hepatic encephalopathy is a common complication of cirrhosis, with high related morbidity and mortality. Its presence is associated with a wide spectrum of change ranging from clinically obvious neuropsychiatric features, known as 'overt' hepatic encephalopathy, to abnormalities manifest only on psychometric...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Zacharias HD,Zacharias AP,Gluud LL,Morgan MY

更新日期：2019-06-17 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:In most pregnancies that miscarry, arrest of embryonic or fetal development occurs some time (often weeks) before the miscarriage occurs. Ultrasound examination can reveal abnormal findings during this phase by demonstrating anembryonic pregnancies or embryonic or fetal death. Treatment has traditionally bee...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Lemmers M,Verschoor MA,Kim BV,Hickey M,Vazquez JC,Mol BWJ,Neilson JP

更新日期：2019-06-17 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Cystic fibrosis (CF) a life-limiting inherited disease affecting a number of organs, but classically associated with chronic lung infection and progressive loss of lung function. Chronic infection by Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and therefore represe...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Frost F,Shaw M,Nazareth D

更新日期：2019-06-13 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Frequent consumption of excess amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is a risk factor for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and dental caries. Environmental interventions, i.e. interventions that alter the physical or social environment in which individuals make beverage choices, have bee...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： von Philipsborn P,Stratil JM,Burns J,Busert LK,Pfadenhauer LM,Polus S,Holzapfel C,Hauner H,Rehfuess E

更新日期：2019-06-12 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Lipid emulsions (LE) form a vital component of infant nutrition for critically ill, late preterm or term infants, particularly for those with gastrointestinal failure. Conventionally used soybean oil-based LE (S-LE) have high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and phytosterols, which may contribute to...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Kapoor V,Malviya MN,Soll R

更新日期：2019-06-04 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults. The most widely accepted hypothesis regarding its pathogenesis is that it is an immune-mediated disease. It has been hypothesised that intraluminal defects, compression, or hypoplasia in the internal jugular or azygos vein...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Jagannath VA,Pucci E,Asokan GV,Robak EW

更新日期：2019-05-31 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Pouchitis occurs in approximately 50% of patients following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for chronic ulcerative colitis (UC). OBJECTIVES:The primary objective was to determine the efficacy and safety of medical therapies for prevention or treatment of acute or chronic pouchitis. SEARCH METHODS:We se...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Nguyen N,Zhang B,Holubar SD,Pardi DS,Singh S

更新日期：2019-05-28 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and aphasia among survivors is common. Current speech and language therapy (SLT) strategies have only limited effectiveness in improving aphasia. A possible adjunct to SLT for improving SLT outcomes might be non-invasive brain stimulation by transcr...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Elsner B,Kugler J,Pohl M,Mehrholz J

更新日期：2019-05-21 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is defined as a depressive disorder with a minimum illness duration of two years, including four diagnostic subgroups (dysthymia, chronic major depression, recurrent major depression with incomplete remission between episodes, and double depression). Persistent forms of d...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Machmutow K,Meister R,Jansen A,Kriston L,Watzke B,Härter MC,Liebherz S

更新日期：2019-05-20 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Radical cystectomy (RC) is the primary surgical treatment for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. This major operation is typically associated with an extended hospital stay, a prolonged recovery period and potentially major complications. Nutritional interventions are beneficial in some peo...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Burden S,Billson HA,Lal S,Owen KA,Muneer A

更新日期：2019-05-20 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children comprises two potential phases: stabilisation and rehabilitation. During the initial stabilisation phase, children receive treatment for dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, intercurrent infections and other complications. In the rehabilitation phase ...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Schoonees A,Lombard MJ,Musekiwa A,Nel E,Volmink J

更新日期：2019-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Orbital lymphangiomas are a subset of localized vascular and lymphatic malformations, which most commonly occur in the head and neck region. Orbital lymphangiomas typically present in the first decade of life with signs of ptosis, proptosis, restriction of ocular motility, compressive optic neuropathy, and d...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Patel SR,Rosenberg JB,Barmettler A

更新日期：2019-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Telephone services can provide information and support for smokers. Counselling may be provided proactively or offered reactively to callers to smoking cessation helplines. OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the effect of telephone support to help smokers quit, including proactive or reactive counselling, or the provis...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Matkin W,Ordóñez-Mena JM,Hartmann-Boyce J

更新日期：2019-05-02 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterised by pulmonary vascular changes, leads to elevated pulmonary artery pressures, dyspnoea, a reduction in exercise tolerance, right heart failure, and ultimately death.Prostacyclin analogue drugs mimic endogenous prostacyclin which leads to vasodilation, inh...

journal_title：The Cochrane database of systematic reviews

authors： Barnes H,Yeoh HL,Fothergill T,Burns A,Humbert M,Williams T

更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00